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Amino Acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and play a central role in almost all biological processes. In the human body, they are essential for the formation of tissue, the repair of cells and the production of enzymes and hormones. There are 20 different amino acids, some of which are labelled "essential" because the body cannot produce them itself and they must therefore be obtained from food. Amino acids are also crucial for the metabolism, the immune system and the regulation of numerous physiological functions, such as the transport and storage of nutrients.

 

Amino acid analysis is therefore of great importance as it provides precise information on the quantity and profile of amino acids in biological samples, food or pharmaceutical products. These analyses are essential for assessing nutritional status, diagnosing metabolic disorders and ensuring the quality of food and food supplements. In medicine, amino acid analysis helps to detect imbalances that may indicate health problems, such as liver disease or genetic metabolic disorders. In the food industry, it contributes to the control and optimisation of protein content, which is particularly important for quality assurance and compliance with legal requirements.

Overview of the different amino acids and the polarity of the side chains.

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Asahipak NH2P-130G 7B, 7.5 x 50 mm, preparative HPLC guard column
SD-F6710017
€769.00
Sepax GP-C18 4µm 120Å 250x4.6mm HPLC-Column
SPX-101184-4625
Raptor ARC-18 2.7µm 100x3.0mm HPLC-Column
RT9314A1E
€815.00
Raptor Polar X 2.7um 100 x 2.1mm
RT9311A12
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RT9178565
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Ultra Aqueous C18 5µm 30x4.6mm HPLC-Column
RT9178535
€580.00
Cosmosil(R) 3C18-AR-Ⅱ Packed Column 3.0mmx150mm
NT-21782-91
Cosmosil® 5C18-AR-300 Packed Column 4.6mmx150mm
NT-37913-81
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Technical Data

Derivatisation of amino acids

In order to detect amino acids using fluorescence or to separate them using the reversed phase, amino acids must be derivatised. The classic method uses separation of the amino acids by ion exchange chromatography with subsequent post-column derivatisation to enable detection with a fluorescence detector. Ortho-phthaldialdehyde (OPA), 9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl-chloride (FMOC-Cl), ninhydrin or fluorescamine can be used as reagents.

 

The most modern technique for the derivatisation of amino acids is pre-column derivatisation with ortho-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and subsequent separation using reversed phase chromatography and subsequent fluorescence detection. The advantages here are the fast analysis times and the high sensitivities. However, a major disadvantage is that OPA only reacts with primary amines. This derivatisation method does not work for secondary amines such as proline.

 

The reagent 9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl-chloride (FMOC-Cl) is therefore used for the pre-column derivatisation of secondary amines. After this derivatisation, the amino acids can also be separated using reversed-phase chromatography and detected using fluorescence.

On-line and off-line derivatisation

Additional hardware is required for post-column derivatisation. The derivatisation reagent must be added to the amino acids in precise doses after the separation of the amino acids. This is achieved using an additional pump after the separation. After the reagent has been added, the amino acids need a certain amount of time to react. Therefore, a loop or a specially woven capillary is used to obtain a specific reaction time. An example setup can be found in the figure on the right.

 

An on-line solution can also be implemented for pre-column derivatisation. For this, only the arrangement of the post-column derivatisation has to be changed so that the derivatisation takes place before the column. However, this derivatisation can be carried out off-line, which means that there is no additional hardware requirement for the HPLC system. The sample is already derivatised before it is injected into the HPLC system.

Post-column derivatisation - Structure of the HPLC system

Analysis of amino acids without derivatisation

It is also possible to separate and detect the amino acids without derivatisation. As in post-column derivatisation, the separation takes place using ion exchange or other special columns. The subsequent detection is then carried out using mass spectrometry (MS). The Intrada Amino Acid from Imtakt should be highlighted here as a special column for the separation of non-derivatised amino acids. With these columns it is possible to analyse the 20 amino acids within 10 minutes with MS/MS detection without derivatisation.

Applications

Underivatised amino acid analysis with Imtakt Intrada Amino Acid

Determination of 20 amino acids

Peak identities

Trp = tryptophan Phe = phenylalanine Tyr = tyrosine Met = methionine Leu = leucine , Ile= isoleucine Val = valine Glu = glutamic acid Pro = proline Thr = threonineAsp = aspartic acid Ala = alanine Ser = serine Gln = glutamine Lys = lysine Gly = glycine Asn = asparagine Cys = cysteine His = hystidine Arg = arginine

Test conditions

Column: Intarda Amino Acid 50 x 3 mm

Pre-column derivatisation of amino acids with OPA and FMOC using GL Sciences Inertsil ODS-4 HP

Peak identities

1. OPA-Aspartic Acid 2. OPA-Glutamic Acid 3. OPA-Asparagine 4. OPA-Serine 5. OPA-Glutamine 6. OPA-Histidine 7. OPA-Glycine 8. OPA-Threonine 9. OPA-Citruｌline 10. OPA-Arginine 11. OPA-Alanine 12. OPA-GABA(4-aminobutanoic acid) 13. OPA-Tyrosine 14. OPA-Cys-Cys 15. OPA-Valine 16. OPA-Methionine 17. OPA-Tryptophan 18. OPA-Phenylalanine 19. OPA-Isoleucine 20. OPA-Leucine 21. OPA-Lysine 22. Fmoc-Proline

Test conditions

Column: Inertsil ODS-4 HP 150x3.0mm 3µm (5020-14005)

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Manufacturer overview

AMT

HPLC - HILIC:

  • HALO 90Å Glycan, 2.7µm
  • HALO 90Å Penta-HILIC, 2.7µm

 

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • HALO 90Å AQ-C18, 2.7µm

ChromaNik

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • SunShell RP-AQUA, 2.6µm
  • SunShell C18, 2.6µm
  • SunShell PFP, 2.6µm
  • SunShell PFP&C18, 2.6µm
  • SunShell Biphenyl, 2.6µm
  • SunArmor NH2, 5µm

 

UHPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Sunniest C18-HT, 2µm

Concise

HPLC - IEX:

  • AminoSep
  • Amino Acid

GL Sciences

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Inertsil CN-3, 5µm
  • Inertsil ODS-2, 5µm
  • Inertsil ODS-4, 3µm
  • Inertsil ODS-4 HP, 3µm
  • Inertsil ODS-4V, 5µm
  • InertSustain C18, 3µm
  • InertSustain C30, 5µm
  • InertSustain PFP HP, 3µm
  • InertSustainSwift C18, 5µm

 

UHPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Inertsil ODS-4, 2µm

 

HPLC - HILIC:

  • Inertsil Diol, 5µm
  • InertSustain Amide, 5µm

 

GC:

  • InertCap 5MS

Helix

HPLC - Mixed-Mode:

  • Amaze HD, 5µm
  • Amaze SC, 5µm

Imtakt

HPLC - HILIC:

  • Intrada Amino Acid

Macherey-Nagel

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Nucleosil C18, 5µm
  • Nucleodur C18 ec, 5µm

 

GC:

  • Lipodex E

Nacalai

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Cosmosil 3C18 AR-II, 3µm
  • Cosmocore 2.6C18, 2.6µm
  • Cosmosil 3PBr, 3µm
  • Cosmosil 3C18-EB, 3µm
  • Cosmosil Cholester

Osaka Soda

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Capcell Core AQ, 2.7µm
  • Capcell Core C18, 2.7µm
  • Capcell PAK C18 UG80, 5µm
  • Capcell PAK C18 UG120, 5µm
  • Capcell PAK C18 MG, 5µm

 

UHPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Capcell PAK ADME-HR, 2µm

Restek

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Ultra Aqueous C18, 5µm
  • Raptor ARC-C18, 2.7µm

 

HPLC - HILIC:

  • Raptor Polar X, 2.7µm

Sepax

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • GP-C18, 5µm

Shimadzu

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Shim-pack XR-ODS, 2.6µm

 

UHPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Shim-pack XR-ODSII, 2.2µm

 

UHPLC - Special Column:

  • Shim-pack UF-Amino, 2.2µm

 

HPLC - IEX:

  • Shim-pack Amino-Li, 5µm
  • Shim-pack Amino-Na, 5µm

Shodex

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • RSpak NN-814

 

HPLC - HILIC:

  • HILICpak VC-50 2D
  • Asahipak NH2P-40 2D

 

HPLC - Ion chromatography:

  • IC YS-50
  • CXpak P-421S

Sielc

HPLC - Mixed-Mode:

  • Primesep 100, 5µm

Thermo

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Acclaim PolarAdvantage, 5µm

 

UHPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Acclaim PA2, 2.2µm

 

HPLC - HILIC:

  • Accucore-150-Amide-HILIC, 2.6µm

 

HPLC - IEX:

  • AminoPac PA10

 

GC:

  • TRACE TR-5

Tosoh

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • TSKgel ODS-100V, 5µm

Waters

UHPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Cortecs UPLC C18, 1.6µm
  • MassTrak AAA, 1.7µm
  • AccQ Tag Ultra, 1.7µm
  • ACQUITY Premier HSS T3, 1.8µm
  • ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3, 1.8µm

 

UHPLC - HILIC:

  • XBridge Premier BEH Amide, 2.5µm

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