Acrylamide

Acrylamide is formed when food is heated to high temperatures, e.g. when frying or deep-frying. The amino acid asparagine reacts with reducing sugars such as glucose or fructose (Figure 1). Cereal products (cereals, baked goods, etc.), potato products (chips, crisps) and coffee are particularly affected.

 

Animal experiments have shown that acrylamide is carcinogenic and damages the genome. It has therefore been categorised as "probably carcinogenic to humans". However, there are no binding limits for acrylamide in food (in the EU). Only guide values and minimisation measures were defined in 2013 and set out in a regulation at the end of 2017. The guideline values were lowered again. This guideline value is determined by the acrylamide value, which 90% of the samples fell below. There may therefore be further lower guideline values in the future. As a result, analysing acrylamide in food has also become essential.

Figure 1: Formation of acrylamide.

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Applications

Reversed-phase chromatography

Analysis of acrylamide, acrylonitrile and organic acids with GL Sciences Inertsil ODS-4

Peak identities

1. acrylamides 2. maleic acid 3. acrylic acid 4. acrylonitriles 5. itaconic acid 6. methacrylic acid

Test conditions

Column: Inertsil ODS-4 150x4.6mm, 3µm (5020-04045)

Mobile phase A: Acetonitrile

Mobile phase B: 0.1% phosphoric acid in water

Isocratic: A/B = 3/97, v/v

Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min

Column temperature: 40 °C

Detection: UV 210 nm

Injection volume: 10 µL

HILIC

Analysis of acrylamide, methacrylamide and methyl acrylic acid with Macherey-Nagel Nucleodur HILIC

Peak identities

1. methyl acrylamides 2. acrylamides 3. methylarylic acid

Test conditions

Column: Nucleodur HILIC 125x4.0mm, 5 µm (760551.40)

Mobile phase: Acetonitrile / 0.1% formic acid (98:2, v/v)

Flow rate: 0.6 mL/min

Temperature: 22 °C

Injection volume: 0.5 µL

Detection: UV, 210 nm

Gas chromatography

Analysis of acrylonitrile, acrylamide and propionamide with GL Sciences InertCap Pure-WAX

Peak identities

1. acrylonitriles 2. propionamides 3. acrylamides

Test conditions

Column: InertCap Pure-WAX 30m x 0.25mm, 0.25 µm (1010-68142)

Column temperature: 40 °C (2min hold) - 20 °C/min - 150 °C (9.5min hold)

Carrier gas: Helium 100 kPa

Injection: Split flow 50 mL/min, 200 °C

Detection: FID range 10^0, 250 °C

Sample size: 100 mg/L in methanol, 1 µL

Downloads

Based on these developments, many manufacturers have published applications for the determination of acrylamide. These range from reversed-phase chromatography, normal-phase chromatography and HILIC to gas chromatography.

Manufacturer overview





Osaka soda

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Capcell PAK C18 AQ 3µm

 

HPLC - HILIC:

  • Capcell Cpre PC 2.7µm

Perkin-Elmer

UHPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Altus UPLC BEH C18 1.7µm



Shodex

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • RSpak DE-413 (polymer column)






Which

HPLC - Reversed Phase:

  • Ultisil XB-C18 3µm

 

Sample preparation:

  • Welchrom C18E

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